It started not with immigration, but with incarceration.
During World War I, Germany welcomed its first large Muslim population— not as citizens, but as prisoners of war . They came from the far corners of empire: Indians who fought for Britain, North Africans conscripted by France, and Central Asians swept up into Russia's ranks.
To win them over, Germany created Halbmondlager , a model “Islamic-friendly” camp where prisoners were allowed to pray, read the Quran, and eat halal meat. They even built Germany's first mosque , a wooden structure opened in 1915.
It was never about kindness. It was wartime propaganda.
The plan largely failed. Word spread that German promises rang hollow. Muslims stayed loyal to their homelands—or simply wanted to survive.
Islam Between the Wars: From Curiosity to Caution
After WWI, another kind of Islam took root—this time by invitation.
In 1920, the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement from British India opened a mosque in Berlin. They weren't militants or laborers. They were missionaries, scholars, translators of the Quran into German.
Berlin in the 1920s was electric with ideas. And the mosque became a rare site of interfaith exchange.
Even Hugo Marcus , a Jewish-German intellectual and openly gay man, converted. He became one of the mosque's most eloquent defenders.
But it wouldn't last.
Nazis, Propaganda, and the Strange Safety of Islam
When Hitler rose to power in 1933, everything changed. For some—but not for all.
The Nazis viewed Islam pragmatically. Muslims weren't targeted like Jews, Roma, or communists. In fact, the Wilmersdorf Mosque remained open.
Why? Because the Nazis saw geopolitical advantage in Islam.
They launched Arabic-language radio broadcasts. They recruited Muslim SS divisions from the Balkans, Caucasus, and Central Asia. They used Islam as a wedge against Allied colonial powers.
Still, conversion didn't protect everyone. Hugo Marcus, despite being Muslim, was imprisoned in Sachsenhausen for his Jewish heritage. The community secured his release. He fled to Switzerland.
For the Nazis, his conversion didn't matter. Blood over belief.
Workers, Not Neighbors: The Guest Worker Generation
After WWII, Germany rebuilt. But it needed hands.
In the 1960s, it struck deals with Turkey and other nations to import laborers —guest workers . They weren't meant to stay. They weren't given homes, just bunkhouses and time cards.
They came to work. Not to belong.
Still, they stayed. Brought families. Built communities. And slowly, German cities gained their first permanent mosques, halal shops, and Quran schools.
But public perception lagged. Islam became linked with illiteracy, ghettos, and foreignness. For decades, German law insisted these Muslims weren't immigrants—they were just “guests.”
Terror, Refugees, and the Modern Muslim German
The 2015 refugee wave changed everything—and nothing.
Over 1 million refugees, many from Syria and Afghanistan, arrived in Germany. Compassion mixed with fear. Chancellor Angela Merkel said, “We can do this.” But others disagreed.
Terrorist attacks in Berlin and beyond intensified anti-Muslim sentiment. Surveillance on mosques grew. Right-wing parties surged in popularity. Many Germans equated “Muslim” with “problem.”
And yet, Muslims in Germany today are as diverse as the country itself. Some are devout. Others secular. Many are born in Germany, fluent in its culture and language, yet still seen as outsiders.
Güner's Story: “You're Not Muslim Enough”
Güner Balci, a German author and the daughter of Turkish guest workers, recalls being labeled “too German” by her Muslim peers at school—and “too Muslim” by German society.
“My first experience of discrimination wasn't from Germans,” she said. “It was other kids calling me 'German' like it was a slur.”
This double alienation—internal and external—is the inheritance of many Muslim Germans today.
They are asked to prove their loyalty. Defend their faith. Distance yourself from extremists. Smile in the face of suspicion.
And still, they stay. Still, they build. Still, they believe.
The Question Germany Keeps Asking
What does it take to belong ?
A century after Germany's first mosque opened behind barbed wire, Muslims are still proving their place in the nation's story.
From POWs to preachers, translators to truck drivers, refugees to reformers—they've been useful. But not always welcome.
The question is not whether Muslims can adapt to Germany.
It's whether Germany can adapt to the truth : that Muslims have always been part of its history. And always will be.
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