Which European countries are islamophobic?

 According to various sources, some European countries have been identified as having high levels of Islamophobia. France, Austria, and Denmark are mentioned as the most Islamophobic countries in Europe

1

2

. The criminalization of Muslim civil society is demonstrated in the targeted campaigns aimed at politically active or vocal Muslims/Islamic organizations in Austria

3

. The report shows that Islamophobia can be present without Muslims, as it sometimes plays an important role in the politics of many European countries with a very small Muslim population. This phenomenon was especially strengthened by the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ and the Paris attacks

4

. The increasingly hostile environment in France has also led to many French Muslims moving abroad

3

. However, it is important to note that Islamophobia is not limited to these countries, and there are negative perceptions, prejudices, and discriminations targeted against Muslims in other European societies as well

5

.

1

aa

2

euobserver

3