Smoking is a risk factor for developing gastric or duodenal ulcers. Here are some ways smoking affects the risk of developing these ulcers: Smoking increases the production of stomach acid, which can irritate the lining of the stomach and duodenum, leading to the formation of ulcers 1 4 . Smoking increases the risk of bile salt reflux, which can raise the risk of gastric ulcer in smokers 1 . Smoking reduces the level of circulating epidermal growth factor (EGF) and decreases the secretion of EGF from the salivary gland, which are necessary for gastric mucosal cell renewal 1 . Smoking reduces prostaglandin generation in the gastric mucosa of smokers, thereby making the mucosa susceptible to ulceration 1 . Smokers are more likely to develop peptic ulcers 2 . Ulcers are painful sores in the lining of the stomach or the beginning of the small intestine. Current smoking increases the risk for ulcer perforation 10-fold in the age group 15–74 years 5 . In summary, smoking can harm...
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