Swallowing disorders, also known as dysphagia, occur when there is difficulty moving food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach 1 . Swallowing is a complex process that involves many muscles and nerves, and any condition that weakens or damages these muscles and nerves can cause dysphagia 1 . Some of the possible causes of swallowing disorders include: Neurological disorders : Certain conditions that affect the brain and nervous system, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, ALS, and stroke, can lead to swallowing difficulties 2 3 . Muscle disorders : Disorders that affect muscles all over the body, such as myasthenia gravis and muscular dystrophy, can cause difficulty swallowing. Disorders of the esophagus, such as achalasia, systemic sclerosis, cricopharyngeal spasms, and esophageal spasms, can also affect the ability to swallow 2 . Aging : Due to natural aging and normal wear and tear on the esophagus, as well as a greater risk of certain conditions, su...
Strategic analysis on geopolitics, financial systems, and Pakistani affairs, blended with personal stories and commentary from Karachi. Written by Munaeem Jamal.